Scholars have long recognized that higher education brings knowledge and skills that translate into economic gains and enhanced political engagement, but little attention has been paid to the shifting impact of U.S. policies on college attendance by men and women. Once a male bastion, American higher education has become much more welcoming to women since the mid twentieth century. Starting in 1981, women earned the majority of bachelors degrees, and by 2003 U.S. colleges enrolled 1.3 women for every man. During the academic year 2012-13, women constituted a remarkable 57% of all U.S. college students. Striking shifts in gender dynamics have been powerfully influenced by U.S. policies that fuelled mass access to college following World War II. At first, the G.I. Bill enlarged opportunities for men; thereafter, federal financial assistance and regulations gave women students a big boost and eliminated indeed ultimately reversed the college gender gap. ; Scholars Strategy Network
The "housing quotient"—the condition of and access to housing—is defined for black American families and is examined in conjunction with the major relevant federal policies and programs. Policies considered include fair housing and the national urban policy. Programs examined include public housing and rental assistance. The lack of data constrains the completeness of the analysis, although certain programs seem to enroll blacks in disproportion to the rest of the population. The paper concludes that blacks currently are served by all federal programs, even though many programs historically have failed to live up to their potential to assist blacks.
Renewable energy (RE) policies are widely used to decarbonize power generation and implemented at various governance levels. We use an analytically tractable two-level model to study the effects of overlapping RE policies from the federal and state governments. We find that there are contrasting incentives for states to support RE deployment, depending on whether the federal government implements a feed-in tariff (FIT) or an auction system. Under federal FIT, states that bear a greater burden in financing the federal policy under-subsidize RE in order to reduce nationwide RE deployment and thereby lower their costs. Under federal auction, states that bear a greater burden to finance federal policy oversubsidize RE to drive down the quota price, and thereby also their costs. In an application to Germany, we illustrate that the recent shift from FIT to auctions increases incentives for state governments to support RE in the demand-intensive south, while decreasing them in the wind-abundant north.
The relation between Rs' attitudes & what they estimated to be the policies of the federal government on three scales are analyzed using the 1980 NORC General Social Survey. Although previous articles have reported the assimilation tendency as stronger than contrast, the results reported show a pervasive contrast effect. The more conservative the Rs' attitudes, the more liberal the policies attributed to the federal government. The effect occurred among people selected with regard to confidence in the government, party affiliation & prior voting behavior, & various status & demographic characteristics. 1 Table. HA.
ABSTRACT Objectives: this paper aims to analyze boundary-crossing strategies, henceforth BCS, a complex and relatively new coordination trend in public administration. To do so, we investigated how three prioritized coordination policies from different sectors were designed and implemented in Brazil. Methods: following a literature review on BCS, the paper employs content analysis of the programs' legislation and government white papers. To understand how the programs actually functioned, we interviewed key government stakeholders. Results: they suggest that two macro policies incorporated most of the boundary-crossing features in their formal design and, more importantly, implementation processes. However, the degree to which these characteristics are present varies according to the research focus or the interviewee's position. Conclusions: main findings of BCS strategy are that policy effectiveness and continuity depend on the consensus of different stakeholders about policy goals; the empowerment of leaders; adoption of new coordination instruments; and continuing policy prioritization. Finally, by exploring the adaptation of an international trend to the Brazilian public administration context, the paper shows crucial insights for innovation in terms of policy coordination and implementation.
Within 44 years the United Arab Emirates (UAE) evolved from the backdrop of a subsistence economy into an innovation-driven economy characterized by a high-mass consumption society. Prudent policy-making by the UAE Federal Government was vital in providing proper guidance on the how, where and when to apply hydrocarbon revenues and support the much needed process of economic diversification. Due to its astonishing economic development the UAE has become a role model in economic diversification for oil-producing countries. In this sense, the present Master's Final Work sheds light on the following research question - "What were the policies adopted by the United Arab Emirates Federal Government that made the Emirates economy a case of success?". A "two building-block" rationale was adopted in order to address the research question at hand. The first "building-block" allowed us to verify that the UAE is a case of economic success. Within 44 years, the country has now one of the most competitive economies in the world and is at par with most advanced economies in terms business regulations, infrastructure and technological advancement. The second "building-block" focused on the understanding of the UAE's Federal Government policies that fostered such success. By adopting the single-case study methodology it was possible to verify that within the UAE's set of macroeconomic policies, diversification played a leading role and has allowed the economy to divest away from hydrocarbons dependence. Trade, Investment, Fiscal and Monetary policies have worked as tools to foster and promote both economic growth and diversification. ; Em apenas 44 anos os Emirados Árabes Unidos (EAU) progrediram de uma economia de subsistência para uma economia orientada para a inovação e consumo em massa. A formulação de políticas económicas pelo Governo Federal dos EAU tornou-se fulcral para direcionar a utilização de receitas provenientes da exploração de petróleo e apoiar o processo de diversificação da economia. Os EAU tornaram-se assim num modelo de diversificação económica a seguir por países produtores de petróleo. Neste sentido, o presente Trabalho Final de Mestrado tem como intuito abordar a seguinte questão de investigação – "Quais foram as políticas adotadas pelo Governo Federal dos EAU que tornaram a economia dos Emirados num caso de sucesso?". De modo a endereçar a questão de investigação mencionada, foi adotada uma lógica bipartidária constituída por dois momentos chave. Assim, num primeiro momento foi possível analisar e verificar que a economia dos EAU constitui um caso de sucesso. Em apenas 44 anos os Emirados detêm uma das economias mais competitivas a nível mundial, estando já em igualdade com as economias avançadas. Num segundo momento foram analisadas as políticas delineadas pelo Governo Federal dos EAU que promoveram o caso de sucesso. Através da adoção metodológica de um único estudo de caso, foi possível verificar que de um conjunto de políticas macroeconómicas apresentadas, a diversificação económica desempenhou um papel predominante. Já o conjunto de políticas comerciais, investimento, fiscais e monetárias funcionaram como catalisadores do crescimento económico e processo de diversificação da economia dos EAU.
